Towards a Sustainable AI Infrastructure and Ecosystem: A Review and the Road Ahead

Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and generative AI (GenAI) has led to an unprecedented rise in energy consumption by data centers. Global electricity demand for AI-driven infrastructure is projected to surge by 160% within the next two years, raising concerns about energy availability and sustainability. This study explores alternative energy sources—including hydrogen, nuclear, and geothermal power—to mitigate the AI energy crisis. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research analyzes energy trends, industry innovations, and policy frameworks. Key findings suggest that small modular reactors (SMRs) and hydrogen-powered data centers present viable, long-term solutions. In addition to offering industry executives useful advice and suggestions for legislative actions to encourage the use of clean energy, the report highlights the crucial role that regulations play in enabling a seamless transition to sustainable energy sources. By supporting sustainable energy solutions for AI infrastructure, this study supports SDGs 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and 13 (Climate Action).